Italian violin maker Antonio Stradivari (c. In… Antonio Stradivari, Antonio Stradivari In a clarinet, a beating reed vibrates a… Instrumentation, Instrumentation refers to the use or application of instruments or specialized technologies for observation, measurement, control, or production. Instruments fall into different classes, according to the action used to… Reed Instrument, reed instrument Musical instrument that produces sound when an air current vibrates a fibre or metal tongue. ∎ a thi… Stringed Instrument, stringed instrument Musical instrument sounded by the vibration of strings. one for delicate or scientific work: a surgical instrument writing instruments. "The Balalaika: A Reappraisal." Galpin Society Journal 48:130 –155. Throughout much of its history the instrument has been used as a symbol of Russian traditional culture. A vanishing contemporary village folk tradition, while possibly preserving some pre-Andreyev elements, utilizes mass-produced balalaikas played with a pick. In addition to its use in traditional-instrument orchestras and ensembles, the balalaika's repertoire includes pieces with piano and other chamber works, a number of concertos with symphony orchestra, and occasional appearances in opera. The modern balalaika is a hybrid phenomenon incorporating elements of folk, popular, and art or classical music and is widely taught from music school through conservatory. Andreyev went on to develop the concept of the balalaika orchestra consisting of instruments of various sizes, for which he later reconstructed the long-forgotten domra, a favorite instrument of the skomorokhi, or minstrels. The modern balalaika originated from the work of Vasily Andreyev (1861 –1918), who in the 1880s created a standardized, three-string chromatic triangular-bodied instrument with fixed metal frets and other innovations. Most closely associated with the Russians, the instrument, likely a borrowing from the Tatars, was used to a lesser extent by Ukrainians, Gypsies, Belarussians, and other ethnic groups. The traditional balalaika's popularity may have peaked in the last decades of the eighteenth century, when foreign travelers reported seeing one in every home, although as numerous references in the works of Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and others attest, it remained in widespread if diminishing use during the nineteenth century. First mentioned in written records in 1688 in Moscow, the balalaika existed in various forms with triangular and oval bodies, differing numbers of strings, and movable tied-on string frets, and was mainly used for playing dance tunes. The balalaika is one of a family of Eurasian musical instruments with long necks, few strings, and a playing technique based on rapid strumming with the index finger.
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